Neanderthals and humans have a complicated, millennia-long relationship. The primitive human species likely persisted up until around 40,000 years ago, and co-existed with Homo sapiens for long periods.
Many theories exist for their extinction, from vulnerability to disease, to war with sapiens, or even the ability of humans to domesticate dogs. But new evidence suggests they may have met a less violent end.
Overlapping Periods
Humans may have first overlapped with neanderthals around 250,000 years ago, but more recent evidence has suggested that they may have lived together in Europe more recently.
Homo sapiens spent most of its 250,000-year existence residing in Africa, but likely began to disperse around 50,000 years ago to Europe, Asia and beyond.
Neanderthal Extinction Theories
There are numerous existing theories that attempt to explain the mystery of the Neanderthal extinction.
Most of these theories, at least in part, have to do with the relationship between the 2 major competing species of humans at the time, Homo sapiens (modern humans) and Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals).
Infectious Disease
One of the theories posited for the ultimate extinction of Neanderthals was their susceptibility to disease.
As we saw, similarly, in more recent centuries with the meeting of Native Americans and Europeans, the Neanderthal population may have been devastated by diseases initially introduced by sapiens.
Interspecies War
Neanderthals may have also been decimated in a more violent manner, through war with their closest relatives.
A French paleontologist, Pierre-Marcellin Boule, suggested that Homo sapiens replaced Neanderthals in bloody conflict, possibly sparked by scarce resources.
Competitive Disadvantage
It is also possible that Neanderthals phased out over 1000s of years due to various competitive disadvantages with other human species.
Competitive disadvantages they may have faced include less energy-efficient anatomy, a less communal society, and less cognitive ability in general.
Canine Competition
Another potential source of competitive disadvantage with sapiens that has been put forward is that they may have faced a disadvantage when hunting for food because they were unable to train dogs.
There is evidence to suggest that sapiens could have domesticated dogs to help with hunting over 30,000 years ago.
Role of Interbreeding
The new study, by Li et al, published in Science, suggests that interbreeding between Neanderthals and humans may have played a role in the extinction of Neanderthals.
As Neanderthals and Homo sapiens are so closely related, they are able to produce offspring with each other.
Previous Genetic Evidence
We have known that Neanderthals and humans have bred for a while, as modern humans have a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA.
However, what is less studied is the effect of interbreeding on the Neanderthals, rather than humans.
Neanderthals ‘Absorbed’ By Humans
In the more recent period of interbreeding in Europe, Neanderthals may have gone extinct due to their reduced population size at the time.
As Neanderthals had limited mates, they interbred with the vastly more numerous humans and their DNA was diluted in sapiens. They were simply bred out of existence, and their final legacy is the genetic evidence that exists in our DNA today.
Robust Builds: Adapting to Ice Age Climates
Neanderthals possessed stocky bodies with barrel chests. Their short, powerful limbs helped conserve heat in cold environments.
They had large noses to warm and humidify cold air. These adaptations allowed them to thrive in Ice Age Europe.
Advanced Tools: Neanderthal Technology and Craftsmanship
Neanderthals created sophisticated stone tools using the Levallois technique. They fashioned spears for hunting large game like mammoths.
Evidence suggests they used tar as an adhesive. Neanderthals also crafted jewelry from eagle talons and seashells.
Complex Social Lives: Evidence of Neanderthal Culture
Archaeologists have discovered Neanderthal burial sites with grave goods. They cared for their sick and elderly members.
Neanderthals created cave art and used pigments. These findings indicate complex social and cultural behaviors.
Interbreeding: Neanderthal DNA Modern Humans
Genetic studies reveal interbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Non-African populations carry 1-4% Neanderthal DNA.
This genetic legacy influences traits like immune response and skin color. Interbreeding occurred multiple times over thousands of years.
Brain Size: Cognitive Abilities of Neanderthals
Neanderthals had larger brains than modern humans. Their average brain size was 1500cc compared to our 1350cc.
They possessed language capabilities and advanced problem-solving skills. Neanderthals likely had comparable intelligence to early Homo sapiens.
